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LIBRARY OF CONGRESS. 



PRESENTED BY 



UNITED STATES OF AMEKIOA. 



I 



? 



A HISTORY 



EMBLEM OF THE CODFISH 



Hall of the House of Representatives. 

COMPILED BY A COMMITTEE OF THE HOUSE. 



"xVb Sf.a but w/int is vexei/ by their f.^heries, no climate that is not witness to their 
toils." — Edmund Burke. 



BOSTON : 

WRIGHT AND POTTER PRINTING CO., STATE PRINTERS, 

18 Post Office Square. 

1895. 



\ 



PREFACE. 



The committee having in charge the compila- 
tion of the history of the codfish, being unable 
to incorjDorate in the work the action of the 
Legislature subsequent to the filing of their 
report, deemed it best not to chronicle therein 
any of the proceedings of the present year, 
but to summarize briefly the several acts and 
resolves and present them as an introduction, 
thus furnishing in one work all that appears 
of record concerning this historical emblem. 

The members-elect of the House of Repre- 
sentatives for the year 1895 assembled in the 
accustomed chamber in the " Bulfinch front " 
January 2 and orga:nized. The House was to 
meet on the following day in the new chamber, 
in the State House extension. 

The question of taking with it the " represen- 
tation of a codfish," Avhich for more than a hun- 
dred years had never missed a " roll call," was 
brought up for consideration. It was, however, 
deemed wise to investigate the significance of 



HISTORY OF THE 



the emblem before its removal, to which end the 
following order, on motion of Representative 
Ernest W. Roberts of Chelsea, was unanimously 
adopted : — 

Ordered, That a committee of three be appointed to 
prepare and report to the House the complete history of 
the codfish suspended in the chamber of the House of 
Representatives . 

It may be of interest to note that this was the 
last business transacted in the old chamber. On 
Thursday, January 10, Representatives Ernest W. 
Robei-ts of Chelsea, Richard W. Irwin of IS'orth- 
ampton and James A. Gallivan of Boston were 
appointed the committee to prepare the history. 
After nearly two months of painstaking research 
and investigation their report was submitted to 
the House, and on Monday, March 4, the fol- 
lowing order was offered by Mr. Woodfall of 
Rochport :. — 

Ordered, That the Sergeant-at-Arms he and is hereby 
directed to cause the immediate removal of the ancient 
"representation of a codfish" from its present position 
in the chamber recently vacated by the House, and to 
cause it to be suspended in a suitable place over the 



EMBLEM OF THE CODFISH. 



Speaker's chair in this chamber, in order that the 
House of 1895 may further the intent and purpose of 
the House of 1784, wherein it voted to " hano- the 
representation of a codfish hi the room where the House 
sit, as a memorial of the importance of the cod fish- 
ery to the welfare of this Commonwealth, as had 
been usual formerly;" and that a committee of fifteen 
members accompany the Sergeant-at-Arms when said 
memorial is transferred to this chamber. 

Consideration of this order was, on motion of 
the same gentleman, postponed until March 7, and 
specially assigned for half-past two o'clock p.m., 
at which time it was debated at lengrth. 

Mr. Brown of Gloucester, during the debate, 
presented the following resolutions, and asked 
unanimous consent that they be entered in the 
Journal of the House. There being no objec- 
tion, the request was granted : — 

To the Honorable House of Representatives. 

Whereas, The question of the removal of the old cod- 
fish, so many years a feature of the House of Representa- 
tives, is being considered in our State Legislature ; and 

Whereas, The city of Gloucester having from the 
earliest settlement been prominently identified with the 
fishing industry, which was prosecuted previous to 
the Revolution so successfully as to make Gloucester 



6 HISTORY OF THE 



the second town in size in the county of Essex at that 
time, and has since so increased as to make this city the 
largest fishing port in the country ; therefore 

Resolved, That the Business Men's Association of the 
City of Gloucester desire to place themselves on record 
as favoring the retention of this ancient emblem of our 
industry, which is so interwoven into the prosperity of 
our old Commonwealth from its earliest histor}', and as 
a testimonial to the sterling qualities of the pioneers 
whose labors builded so firmly the foundations on which 
rest so firmly the stability of our institutions. 

To those familiar with the history and development of 
Massachusetts there is nothing about the State House 
more interesting or more suggestive than this codfish. 
It tells of commerce, war, diplomacy ; of victories won 
by Massachusetts. It symbolizes the sources of our 
original wealth ; the nursery of those mariners who 
manned the gun-decks of our frigates; our issues and 
struggles with England. 

The number of pounds of codfish landed at the port 
of Gloucester during the year 1894 was 43,000,000. 
In addition, 10,000,000 pounds were also landed by 
her fleets at other ports, making a total in round num- 
bers of 53,000,000 pounds of this valuable fish product 
wrested from old ocean by the hardy Gloucester fisher- 
men in a single year. 

George H. Proctor, 
Samuel D. Hildreth, 
Wm. Frank Parsons, 

Committee. 
Glotjcestek, Jan. 17, 1895. 



EMBLEM OF THE CODFISH. 



After debate, the previous question having 
been ordered, on motion of Mr. Grover of Can- 
ton, the order was adopted, and the Speaker 
appointed the following members as the com- 
mittee: Messrs. Woodfall of Rockport, Tarr 
of Gloucester, Gauss of Salem, Wadden of 
Marblehead, Brown of Gloucester, Jordan of 
Salem, Foss of Cottage City, Russell of Salem, 
Cook of Provincetown, Irwin of Northampton, 
Roberts of Chelsea, Gallivan of Boston, Bullock 
of Manchester, Stocker of Beverly and Gardner 
of Nantucket. 

The committee immediately proceeded, under 
the escort of Sergeant-at-Arms J. G. B. Adams, 
to the discharge of its duty. Upon arriving at 
the chamber of the old House of Representa- 
tives, the emblem was lowered from its abiding 
place by John Kinnear, assistant doorkeeper of 
the House, wrapped in the American flag, de- 
posited upon a bier, and borne to the House of 
Representatives by Messengers Edwin Gould, T. 
F. Pedrick, Frank Wilson and Sidney Gardner. 
As the procession entered the House the mem- 
bers arose, the historic emblem was received 
with a vigorous round of applause, and was de- 



HISTORY OF THE 



posited upon a table in front of the S]3eaker's 
desk. 

Thereupon the committee appointed to compile 
the complete history of the codfish suspended in 
the chamber of the House of Representatives 
submitted their report, which was read by Messrs. 
Roberts and Gallivan, and Mr. Irwiu delivered 
the address herein contained. 

The same day Mr. Gauss of Salem introduced 
on leave a Resolve providing for the publication 
of the report of the committee, together with the 
speech of Mr. Irwin. 

Mr. Roberts of Chelsea also introduced a 
Resolve providing for the painting of the repre- 
sentation of the codfish and suspending the 
same in the chamber of the House of Repre- 
sentatives, to be done under the direction of 
the Speaker of the House. Both of these 
resolves were adopted March 12 and referred to 
the committee on Finance. 

On March 25 the resolves were reported from 
the committee on Finance " ought to pass," and 
were adopted. 

Monday, April 29, the following order, off'ered 
by Mr. Roe of Worcester, was adopted : — 



EMBLEM OF THE CODFISH. 9 

Ordered, That the historic figure of the eo(lti>h, when 
suspended, be placed opposite the Speaker's chair, be- 
tween the two sets of central columns, and under the 
names "^lotley" and '-Parkman."' 

The emblem was }iainted by Mr. AValter ]\r. 
Brackett of Boston, a well-known and talented 
artist, and was suspended in its present position 
May 6. 

Erxest W. Roberts. 

Richard W. Irwix. 

James A. Gallivax. 



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Report of the Committee. 



Commontocaltb fif ^lassucljusctts. 

HorsE OF Representatives, March 7, 1895. 

The committee cappointcd to prepare a history of the 
emblem of the eodtish 8ul)mit the following report : — 

Ernest W. Roberts, 
Richard W. Irwin, 
James A. Gallivan, 

The Committee. 
House of REPEESEXTATIVE^^, March 7, 189o. 

Accepted: Edward A. McLaughlin, 

Clerk. 



Chapter I. 

Poised high aloft in the old hall of the Massachusetts 
House of Kepresentatives, riding serenely the sound 
waves of debate, unperturbed hj the ebb and flow of 
enactment and repeal or the desultory" storms that vexed 
the nether depths of oratory, there has hung through 
immemorial years an ancient codfish, quaintly wrought 
in wood and painted to the life. 



12 



HISTORY OF THE 



Humble the subject and homely the design ; yet this 
painted image bears on its tinny front a majesty greater 
than the dignity that art can lend to graven gold or 
chiselled marble. The sphere it fills is vaster than 
that through which its prototype careered with all the 
myriad tribes of the great deep. The lessons that may 
be learned of it are nobler than any to be drawn from 
what is only beautiful ; for this sedate and solitary fish 
is instinct with memories and prophecy, like an oracle. 
It swims syml)olic in that wider sea whose confines are 
the limits set to the activities of human thought. It 
typifies to the citizens of the Commonwealth and of 
the world the founding of a State. It commemorates 
Democracy. It celebrates the rise of free institutions. 
It emphasizes progress. It epitomizes Massachusetts. 

To the sober student of the world's past this historic 
codfish is fraught with ripe significance. A few details 
as to the origin and vicissitudes of this material em- 
blem may shed some light on its serious purpose and 
high mission. 

This old codfish has kept its place under all admin- 
istrations, and has looked upon outgoing and incoming 
legislative assemblies, for more than one hundred years. 
It does not appear under what precise circumstances 
this familiar representation assumed its position ; but 
it is an assured fact that the identical image which 
hangs to-day in the hall recently occupied by the lower 
branch of the Great and General Court came there from 
the old State House at the head of State Street, when 
the archives were transferred in 1798. That it was 



EMBLEM OF THE CODFISH. 13 



suspended in the old State House since 1784 appears 
from the following entry in the Journal of the House 
of Representatives of Wednesday, March 17, 1784: — 

"Mr. Rowe moved the House that leave might l)e 
given to hang up the representation of a Cod Fish in 
the room where the House sit, as a memorial of the 
importance of the Cod-Fishery to the welfare of this 
Commonwealth, as had l)een usual formerly. The said 
motion having been seconded, the question was put, 
and leave given for the purpose aforesaid." 

And so the emblem was suspended, and, as Mr. 
Rowe was a man of peculiar public spirit and patriot- 
ism, it is probable that he paid for the carving of the 
fish and all the expenses incident thereto, even those 
connected with its "hanging up in the room where the 
House sit," out of his own pocket. 

It seems proper that something more than a mere 
reference should be made to the person to whose fore- 
thought and patriotism we owe the placing in our halls 
of legislation of so significant a reminder of an indus- 
try once the greatest in Massachusetts. It has been 
said of him he was "as true a friend to his country 
as any whose names have reached a greater renown." 
John, son of Joseph and Mary Rowe, was born at Ex- 
eter, Devon, England, on Nov. 16, 1715. The date 
of his departure from England is as unknown as that 
of his advent in Boston. That it was in his early 
youth is evident, for it is known that in 1740 he was 
made a member of St. John's Lodge of Freemasons, 
the first body of that fraternity to be established in 



14 



HISTORY OF THE 



Boston, and the records show that he was then twenty- 
five 3^ears of age. That he took a deep and lasting 
interest in Masonry is shown by the fact that he was 
elected master of the lodge nine years later, being the 
fifth Provincial Grand Master of Masons in the year 
1768. He held the office until his death. He made 
numerous investments in and about Boston, where he 
became the owner of considerable property, including 
the present Rowe's wharf, a residence on Pond, now 
Bedford, Street, and an estate in Milton. Chauncy 
Street for many years bore his name. 

From the very beginning John Rowe was an active 
and earnest participant in the struggle of the colonists 
to free themselves from the tyrannies of the mother 
country. He was one of the fifty most prominent and 
influential merchants and l)usiness men of Boston who, 
on Dec. 19, 17G0, signed a petition to the General 
Court charging the officers of the Crown Avith appro- 
priating to their own use money belonging to the 
Province. All through the agitation aroused by the 
odious stamp acts he was an indefatigable worker for 
the repeal of those iniquitous laws. So active was he 
in this direction that one historian has credited him 
with leading the mob against the house of Lieutenant- 
Governor Hutchinson during the riots of 1765, caused 
by the enforcement of the stamp acts ; although in jus- 
tice to John Rowe it should be said that Hutchinson 
himself, in his account of this riot, states that the mob 
was led by one Mackintosh. John Rowe enjoyed in 
the highest degree the confidence and esteem of his 



EMBLEM OF THE CODFISH. 



15 



lellow citizens, and was repeatedly appointed on com- 
mittees in town meetings. In 17G4 he was so appointed 
one of a committee of tive to inform the Kev. Mr. 
George AVhitetield of a unanimous vote of thanks for 
the o-reat service rendered by the reverend gentleman 
in raising money to relieve the distress occasioned by 
the disastrous lire of 1760, which caused so much suf- 
fering to the people of Boston. If not a leader and 
moving spirit among the Sons of Liberty, he was at 
least in close sympathy with them and their aims, for 
on May 6, 1766, that organization controlled the elec- 
tion of the Kepresentatives to the General Court from 
Boston, and chose James Otis, Thomas Gushing, Samuel 
Adams, .Tohn Hancock and John Rowe, the latter being 
selected upon the motion of Samuel Adams; and the 
distinguished company in which he found himself was 
of itself ample evidence of his ability and standing in 
the community. Nor was this the only public office 
held by him, for on :\Iarch 14 of the following year 
we find him elected one of the selectmen, having for 
colleagues John Hancock, Samuel Sewall, William Phil- 
lips and others but little less renowned. He held this 
office until 1769, when he declined a re-election, and 
the board thereupon unanimously extended him a vote 
of thanks for his past services. At this time he was 
also one of the firewards of the town. 

Although now past middle age, his interest in public 
questions was as keen as ever, and his patriotism as 
ardent as in the days of the stamp act excitement ; and 
four years later, in 1773, at the age of fifty-eight, we 



16 



HISTORY OF THE 



lind him, in conjunction with Samuel Adams and Han- 
cock, a leading spirit in the stirring scenes that led up 
to the famous "Boston Tea Party." It is claimed he 
was part owner in one of the vessels w^hich l)rought to 
Boston the tea thrown into the harbor on the evening 
of Thursday, December 1(1 ; and from certain passages 
in his journal, covering the period from September, 
1764, to July, 1779, it would seem the vessel was the 
"Eleanor," Captain Bruce. An entry in this journal, 
"I would Rather have Lost five hundred Guineas than 
Captain Bruce should have taken any of this Tea on 
board his Ship," indicates his annoyance that his vessel 
should have been implicated in this obnoxious proceed- 
ing ; but self-interest did not deter him from doing all 
in his power to prevent the landing of the tea. The 
afternoon of Dec. 16, 1773, saw the Old South Church 
packed as it never had been before. At three o'clock 
it was estimated there were seven thousand people in 
and around the edifice. Samuel Adams, John Rowe, 
Young, Quincy and other distinguished citizens were 
upon the platform, exhorting the people to stand firm, 
and cautioning them to moderation. In the course of 
his address Rowe said, "Who knows how tea will 
mingle with salt water?" — a suggestion which was re- 
ceived with loud applause, and has been thought by 
many to be a foreshadowing of what was to take place 
if permission was not given the vessels to sail without 
landing their obnoxious cargo. Rowe and Hancock 
have been accredited with taking part in throwing the 
tea overboard ; but it is almost certain the former had 



EMBLEM OF THE CODFISH. 17 

no actual hand in so doing, for he was still upon the 
platform when, a little after six o'clock, the "Mohawks" 
rushed by the church on their way to Griffin's wharf, 
where the ships were moored. 

In 1743 John Eowe married Hannah Speakman in 
Boston. He was of a deeply religious turn of mind, 
and for many years was a member of the old Trinity 
Church, of which he was a warden from 1769 until 
1777, and upon his death, Feb. 21, 1787, he was buried 
under the church. 

There is a dim tradition that in the primitive House 
of Assembly of the Province there hung a codfish which 
was the gift of Judge Samuel Sewall, author of the 
famous "Diary." Judge Sewall died in 1729. His 
published remains make no mention of ihis traditional 
lish, and it is difficult to imagine that a man of his 
loquacious verbosity would have omitted to chronicle 
his nmnificence, either in his diary or his letters. 

The expression, "as had been usual formerly," in 
the original motion of Mr. Rowe, apparently refers to 
this prehistoric creature of tradition, which hung in the 
old State, or Town, House. When this structure was 
burned, Dec. 9, 1747, the codfish doubtless went up in 
a whirl of smoke which still clouds its history to the 
peering vision of the antiquarian. The new Old State 
House (which stands to this day at the head of State 
Street) was erected in the succeeding year; and, at 
whatsoever date the old-time emblem was restored to 
its original place of honor, it is clear that it flourished 
there in all its pristine glory as early as 1778 ; for, in 



18 



HISTORY OF THE 



an old bill of that year, presented by Thos. Crafts, 
Jr., to the Province of Massachusetts Bay, for paint- 
ing the State House, and which, from all that can be 
learned, has not been disputed, appears the item : — 

To painting Codfish, 15 Shillings. 

At some indeterminate time subsequent to the paint- 
ing of the codfish by Thomas Crafts, Jr., it disappeared 
from the State House and was doubtless destroyed, for 
the closest historical research fails to shed any light 
upon the time, manner or cause of its disappearance, 
or to disclose any further reference to it whatever. 
Mayhap some burly British trooper, quartered in the 
improvised barracks of the old State House, took um- 
brage at the spick and span elegance of the newly 
painted emblem of colonial independence and thrift. 
Such a one may have torn the cherished symbol from 
the wall whence it had offered aid and comfort to the 
rebel patriots, with its assurance of the material wealth 
accessible to the embryonic State, and, in the spirit of 
vandalism so prevalent at that age, used it to replenish 
his evening camp fire. Whatever may have been its 
fate in that epoch of political upheaval, no record was 
left to tell the tale 

There seems good reason to believe that this missing 
fish, or its successor, which has come down to us, was 
carved by one John Welch, a Boston patriot. Welch 
was born Aug. 11, 1711. He was a well-known citi- 
zen, and lived on Green Lane in West Boston. In 
1756 he was a captain in the Ancient and Honorable 



EMBLEM OF THE CODFISH. 19 



Artillery Company. Ho, too, was one of the signers 
of the famous petition or memorial, charging the offi- 
cers of the Crown with appropriating to their own use 
money belonging to the Province. The descendants of 
John Welch have always insisted that he carved the 
State House codfish of to-day. His great-great-grand- 
son, Capt. Francis Welch, is now living in Brookline, 
at the age of eighty-.six, and he has recently stated 
that the truth of this assertion has always been recog- 
nized among the fomily traditions. It has been handed 
down from fiither to son uncontradicted for at least 
three generations. Captain Welch's father repeatedly 
told him that he heard the story from the lips of his 
grandfather, and never expressed the least doubt in re- 
gard to it. 

Conceding the authenticity of this tradition, a ques- 
tion remains as to which of the two codfishes was the 
handiwork of John A\^elch. Welch died Feb. 9, 1789; 
so that, if he carved the fish now in the State House, 
he must have been in his seventy-fourth year. This 
seems unlikely, whereas he might easily have wrought 
the codfish Thomas Crafts painted; and it is quite 
probable that, in the growing vagueness of domestic 
tradition, the identity of the two may have been con- 
founded. In that chaotic revolutionary period which 
left to us no record of the loss or destruction of the 
object of Thomas Crafts' artistic attention, the Welch 
family may easily have lost trace of it, and have taken 
it for granted that the older emblem is the actual 
symbol of to-day. 



20 HISTORY OF THE 



It has been said by some one that the old codfish 
has never been taken down since it was first suspended 
in the then new State House in 1798 ; but Capt. 
Thomas Tucker, the venerable doorkeeper of the House, 
can tell another story. Within his own recollection the 
old emblem has twice been lowered, and he furthermore 
says that the codfish did not always occupy its present 
vantage ground. It used to hang from a point in the 
ceiling directly over the Speaker's desk, but in the fif- 
ties it was shifted to the rear of the chamber. In 
1867, for a brief space, the fish was missing from its 
accustomed haunt; but it soon returned, brighter than 
before, in a new coat of submarine motley. Again, in 
1874, while the chamber was being renovated, the cod- 
fish was taken down to be repainted ; and at the time 
Captain Tucker measured it, finding its length to be 
four feet and eleven inches. He also noted that it 
was carved from a solid block of wood. Since that 
time, a period of twenty-one years, the sacred emblem 
has not been profaned by mortal touch. 

Chapter II. 

To the historian it seems quite natural that the cod- 
fish, an article of pure, plain, natural food, should be 
the emblem of the practical, frugal spirit which laid 
the foundation of Massachusetts. And, while the term 
*' codfish aristocracy" is sometimes used as one of 
reproach, the reproach lies in the departure by their 
descendants from the simple ways of the early fisher- 



EMBLEM OF THE CODFISH. 21 



men; and if by "codfish aristocracy" we should be 
understood to mean the living fisher-folk of Cape Ann 
and Cape Cod, then we have excellent reason for aim- 
ing to preserve such an aristocracy in honor. 

"If Massachusetts ever had a tutelary genius amono- 
the brute creation, it was the codfish," wrote an 
essayist thirty years ago; and it is only the serious 
student of history who realizes the important part the 
fisheries played in the early history of New England, 
and especially of Massachusetts. "They were to us 

what wool was to England or tobacco to Virginia, 

the great staple which became the basis of power and 
wealth," says Adams. Many a colossal fortune rested 
for its foundation upon the cod fisheries of the Banks 
and of Massachusetts Bay ; the ' ' codfish aristocracy " 
preceded both the "merchant princes" and the "lords 
of the loom." Even before Lexington and Concord 
the fervid Irish eloquence of Edmund Burke apostro- 
phized and idealized the fisheries of the colonies. 
Speaking of the "wealth which the colonies have 
drawn from the sea by their fisheries," a wealth which 
he further declared had excited the envy of the British 
Commons, he exclaimed: "Pray, sir, what in the 
world is equal to it? Pass by the other parts, and 
look at the manner in which the people of New Eng- 
land have of late carried on their fisheries. Whilst we 
follow them among the tumbling mountains of ice and 
behold them penetrating into the deepest recesses of 
Hudson's Bay and Davis Straits, whilst we are looking 
for them beneath the Arctic circle, we hear that they 



22 



HISTORY OF THE 



have pierced into the opposite region of polar cold, 
that they are at the antipodes, and engaged under the 
frozen serpent of the South. . . . We know that while 
some of them draw the line and strike the harpoon on 
the coast of Africa, others run the longitude and pur- 
sue their gigantic game along the coast of Brazil. No 
sea but what is vexed by their iSsheries, no climate 
that is not witness to their toils. Neither the perse- 
verance of Holland, nor the activity of France, nor the 
dexterous and firm sagacity of English enterprise, ever 
carried this most perilous mode of hardy industry to 
the extent to which it has been pushed by this recent 
people, — a people who are still, as it were, but in the 
gristle, and not yet hardened into the bone of man- 
hood." So spoke Burke in the British House of Com- 
mons in March, 1775. Never before or since was 
such incomparable tribute paid to those sailor pioneers, 
who, springing from the rocks of Cape Cod and the 
sand dunes of Nantucket, carried, in a later day, the 
flag of Young America and the glory of her name to 
the remotest recesses of the oceans of the globe. 

An essential chapter in the history of any people 
is the record of the sources from which their suste- 
nance has come and from which their wealth has been 
derived. Whatever may have been the inclination or 
training of the hardy Englishmen who first settled on 
Cape Cod, the insular position of this new coast ren- 
dered maritime pursuits necessary. When a log hut 
had fortified them against the east winds of the harsh 
Atlantic, and the virgin soil had yielded from its 



EMBLEM OF THE CODFISH. 



23 



rugged bosom the corn that was the bread of life, they 
turned to the immense marine preserves which lay at 
their very doors, and whose beckoning l)illows lured 
them to try the hazard of a hook and line. Then, as 
their intercourse with the Dutch along the Hudson and 
Long Island Sound l)ecame more thoroughly estab- 
lished, the tendency was to give more of their attention 
to the various branches of fishing, and ])y an exchange 
of products they found it less necessary to cultivate 
an unfriendly soil ; so the trend of affairs was steadily 
toward those maritime pursuits which for more than 
two centuries since have been the characteristic and 
pride of Cape Cod and Cape Ann. The love of 
ad/enture is hereditary, and, if the fathers caught cod- 
fish on the Grand Banks, the sons were satisfied with 
nothinof else than takinsi: whales in the Pacific. 

The first product of American industry exported from 
Massachusetts was a cargo of fish. Even the neighljor- 
ing colony at Plymouth seems at first to have depended 
upon Cape Ann for a supply of fish. "Though famine 
threatened, they could not at once relieve themselves 
by resorting to the Bay," for their patrons in London 
had neglected as yet to provide for such pursuits. 
Once, when men staggered, says Winslow, "by reason 
of faintness for want of food," they were saved from 
famishing by the benevolence of fishermen off the 
coasts. Simultaneously with the settlement of Massa- 
chusetts began the despatching of cargoes of dried cod- 
fish to every country of AVostcrn Europe, as well as 
to the other American colonies. As early as 1G34 a 



24: 



HISTORY OF THE 



merchant of the country was fishing with eight boats 
at Marblehead. The next year Portsmouth had in the 
fishing trade six great shallops, five fishing boats with 
sails, anchors and cables, and thirteen skifls. Of the 
total product of this branch of industry in any one 
year the only information is derived from Governor 
Winthrop, who says that in 1641 it was followed so 
well that three hundred thousand dr}-- fish were sent 
to market. Two years previously the General Court 
began to recognize the importance of the industry, for 
on May 22, 1639, it passed an act exempting from all 
duties and public taxes all estates employed in catch- 
ing, making and transporting fish, while, under the 
same act, all fishermen during the season for business 
and all shipbuilders were excused from training. 

Between 1710 and 1750 began the active pursuit of 
the maritime business by the people of Cape Cod and 
Cape Ann. In 1741 about seventy fishing vessels 
belonged to Gloucester. Capt. Francis Goelet, writing 
of a visit to Salem in 1750, tells us that "the trade 
consists chiefly of the Cod Fishery ; they have sixty 
or seventy sail schooners employed in the branch. 
They cure all their own cod." Speaking of Marble- 
head, he says: *' This place is noted for children and 
Noureches the most of any Place for its Bigness in 
North America. It is Said that the Chief Cause is 
attributed to their feeding on Cod's Heads which is 
their Principal Diett." 

The following twenty years were full of discourage- 
ments, for the wars l)etween France and England 



EMBLEM OF THE CODFISH. 



25 



occasioned great annoyance, on account of the capture 
of vessels by the warring cruisers. The demand for 
men for the provincial army and navy drew heavily 
from the fisher population, but fishing was still pur- 
sued ; in fact, it had then become the l)asis of a profit- 
able coastwise and foreign trade, for the maintenance 
of which the merchants of the Massachusetts seaport 
towns would willingly encounter great risks and could 
afford to bear considerable losses. 

In 1750 Gloucester had eighty large fishing vessels. 
These were sent to the Banks during the summer, and 
in the winter the fares of fish, together with the 
produce from the farms of the adjacent towns, were 
despatched to the West Indies, where the cargoes met 
a remunerative market. It is interesting to notice the 
causes which contributed to this profitable commerce. 

The British, Spanish and French had large possessions 
in the "West Indies. It was the policy of the home 
government to restrict the dealing-s with these colonies 
by passing stringent laws compelling the inhabitants to 
trade exclusively with the mother country. Prior to 
the Revolution, New England merchants, being sub- 
jects of Great Britain, had unrestricted trade with the 
British AVest Indies. Notwithstanding the rigid non- 
intercourse laws of the French and Spanish, illicit 
voyages were often made to the AVest Indian ports of 
those governments. In fact, there was an enormous 
smuggling trade carried on at that period. At times 
the pressing need of supplies obliged these governments 
to suspend the provisions of their prohibitive laws, and 



26 



HISTORY OF THE 



the governors were given discretionary powers to allow 
the vessels of the North Atlantic colonies licenses to 
trade, discharge cargo and repair. 

Most of the New England ports participated in this 
trade, which was begun by the cod-fishing vessels. A 
general cargo of fish, produce and live stock could be 
sold in the English islands for money. The vessel 
would then go to Trinidad or the Dutch possessions, 
buy molasses, spices and coffee at low prices, and 
return home with the cargo and quite an amount of 
ready money besides ; while to Europe little was sent 
except the fish, the proceeds of which came back in 
salt, fruit, wine and specie. This commerce was the 
direct outgrowth of the fisheries. 

Soon the revolutionary crisis approached, and com- 
merce and fishery could be no longer pursued. A 
great majority of the people, comprising the merchants, 
mechanics, fishermen and sailors, who depended upon 
the maritime business for their livelihood, could find 
no employment in their regular vocations, and joined 
the land or naval forces of the colonies. At the close 
of the great struggle instructions were given by some 
of the towns to their Representatives touching "the 
importance of a restoration of the fisheries in any 
arrangement that might be for peace," and requesting 
them ' ' to ask of the Legislature to see that the com- 
missioners be instructed to that effect." This whole 
question is so well set forth by a distinguished son of 
Massachusetts, Mr. Charles Francis Adams, in a recent 
article on "What the Codfish stands for," that the 



EMBLEM OF THE CODFISH. 



27 



committee are impelled to quote Mr. Adams for the 
benefit and instruction of the reader. 

"In the winter and spring of 1779," says Mr. 
Adams, "the terms of a possible peace between Great 
Britain and her former colonies became matter for dis- 
cussion in the Continental Congress. At once the 
question of the fisheries, and the right of Massachusetts 
men to participate in them, came to the front. Public 
law on this point had not yet been settled, for it was 
still the period of the close seas ; and, at the begin- 
ning of the war of independence, New England had by 
act of Parliament been debarred from fishing on the 
banks of Newfoundland. Were those banks free to all 
nations, or would they at the restoration of peace be 
subject to the right of legislation by the great sea- 
power? France, the ally of the rebellious colonies, 
took the ground that the fishery of the high seas was 
of common right, but that the coast fisheries belonged 
to the proprietary of the coast ; and consequently that 
the Massachusetts men, who had hitherto almost exclu- 
sively engaged in the fisheries of Nova Scotia and the 
gulf of St. Lawrence, and deemed themselves to have 
gained a prescriptive right in them, had in fact no 
right in them at all. Then followed a long legislative 
struggle, in which New England was for the first time 
arrayed against the South, and it was charged that the 
interests of nine of the States were being systemati- 
cally sacrificed ' to gratify the eaters and distillers of 
molasses' in the other four. The issue was wdiether 
the right to the fisheries was to be preserved as an 



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30 



HISTORY OF THE 



matter of right. Wearied with discussion, the British 
plenipotentiaries finally proposed to sign the prelimi- 
naries, leaving the use of terms in relation to the 
fishery to be adjusted when the definite treaty was 
framed. But even this Mr. Adams would not ag-ree 
to ; and, rising, he vehemently declared that, when first 
commissioned as a negotiator with Great Britain, his 
country had ordered him to make no peace without a 
clear acknowledgment of the right to the fishery, and 
by that direction he would stand. He did stand by it ; 
and he had his way. After a short consultation among 
themselves the British commissioners announced their 
acceptance of Mr. Adams' article as he had submitted 
it. * Such a victory is not often recorded in the annals 
of diplomacy.' It was the victory of a Massachusetts 
man, to whom had been confided the care of Massa- 
chusetts interests. 

"This occurred on the 19th of November, 1782, and 
it was on the 17th of March, 1784, less than sixteen 
months later, that John Eowe, a member from Boston, 
moved permission to hang the historic codfish in the 
Representatives' chamber. It commemorated a diplo- 
matic victory no less than it typified a material 
interest." 

For more than thirty years that followed, the New 
England fishermen were happy. With renewed zeal 
they pursued their vocations, until the United States 
was again involved in war with Great Britain. It was 
well known that the mother country had never been 
reconciled to the fishery concessions extorted from her 



EMBLEM OF THE CODFISH. 



31 



in the negotiations of 1783; and "again the codfish 
rose to the surface." Let Mr. Adams tell the story: — 

"•In Octol)er, 1814, the American commissioners to 
treat for peace sent home from Ghent the proffered 
British terms. They included cession of territory by 
the United States, the exclusion of the United States 
from military or naval contact Avith the ffreat lakes, 
and the forfeiture of their rights in the fisheries. Had 
these terms been conceded, Massachusetts would have 
had sufficient grounds silently to remove the codfish 
from where it hung susjDended from the ceiling of its 
Representatives' chamber. 

"John Adams was then living in retirement at 
Quincy, Init his son, John Quincy Adams, occupied at 
Ghent the place his fiither had thirty-two years before 
occupied at Paris. It had devolved upon him to look 
to it that the codfish sustained no detriment. It was on 
the 10th of October that the demands of Great Britain 
— cession of territory, abandonment of the lakes, relin- 
quishment of the fisheries, etc. — were made known to 
Congress. Less than two months 1)efore, Washington 
had been captured ])y British forces, and the capitol 
and the White House burned. The outlook was not 
encouraging. Remitting to President Madison a letter 
received from his son, then at Ghent, John Adams 
thus expressed himself in the midst of that time of 
gloom. The date was November 28 : ' All I can say 
is, that I would continue this war forever rather than 
surrender one acre of our territory, one iota of the 
fisheries, as established by the third article of the 



32 HISTORY OF THE 



treaty of 1783, or one sailor impressed from any mer- 
chant ship. I will not, however, say this to my son, 
though I shall l)e very much obliged to you if you 
will give him orders to the same effect.' 

"Incredible as it now seems, the governor of Massa- 
chusetts considered the terms of peace offered by Great 
Britain as favorable to America, and declared that the 
people of Cape Ann expected to lose the fisheries, but 
were willing to cede territory, if, at that price, they 
could retain them. The danger was imminent that the 
codfish would have to come down. The question was 
of holding the ground gained in 1783. * In 1814, as 
in 1783, John Adams clung to his trophies, and his 
son would have waged indefinite war rather than break 
his father's heart by sacrificing what he had won; but 
at Ghent the son stood in isolation, w^hich the father 
in the worst times had never known. Massachusetts 
left him to struggle alone for a principle that needed 
not only argument, but force, to make it victorious. 
The difficulty which Mr. Adams could not overcome 
arose from the fact that the treaty of 1783 not only 
recognized the American right to the fisheries, but it 
also recognized the British right to the navigation of 
the Mississippi. The two went together. Henry Clay 
was one of the commissioners at Ghent, side l)y side 
with J. Q. Adams. Clay would consent to nothing 
which revived the British right of navigation in the 
Mississippi ; and so Adams found himself cut off from 
his appeal to the treaty of 1783 as an instrument rec- 
ognizing and forever establishing mutual indefeasible 



EMBLEM OF THE CODFISH. 33 

rights. But, if Clay would put liis name to no treaty 
wliich ceded a right of navigating tlie Mississippi, 
Adams was equally immovable iu the matter of any 
relinquishment of the fisheries. This last the British 
plenipotentiaries insisted upon almost to the length of 
making it an ultimatum. Finally, as in 1783, they 
yielded the point under instructions from London, but 
demanded for so doing the compensatory right of nav- 
igating the Mississippi. Though Adams was now sat- 
isfied. Clay was implacable. The British then oflered 
to make both matters subject for future negotiation ; 
but this implied that the fishery rights secured by the 
treaty of 1783 were forfeited, or subject to forfeiture, 
— an admission Adams refused to make. And now he 
found himself alone, — one otherwise-minded man in 
five. The fishery seemed lost. Then Albert Gallatin 
came to the front with one last ingenious i)roposition, 
in the form of 'a note rejecting the British stipulation, 
because it implied the abandonment of a right, but 
oifering to be silent as to both the fisheries and the 
Mississippi, or to admit a general reference to further 
negotiation of all sul)jects in dispute, so expressed as 
to imply no abandonment of right.' 

'*And this was the famous treaty of Ghent! The 
younger Adams had not succeeded in saving all of 
those expressed and extraordinary rights which the 
elder Adams had won ; but, preserving those rights 
from formal and al)solute relin({uishment, he secured a 
result not less practically valuable than that achieved 
by his father, by causing the reference of all the 



34 



HISTORY OF THE 



points at issue to be settled by time and the course 
of events, those final arbitrators, in -nhose decision, as 
the event proved, he could safely trust." 

And, as Mr. Adams says in his closing paragraph, 
of all this is the codfish in the Representatives' hall 
emblematic; "it tells of commerce, war, diplomacy; 
of victories won by Massachusetts in all three fields." 

Chapter III. 

Years before the statesmen of the period had decided 
to make public acknowledgment of the indebtedness of 
the colony to the codfish, and had voted to adorn the 
assembly chamber with a wooden representation thereof, 
individuals and private corporations were eager to pay 
tribute to the codfish, and vied with one another in 
their anxiety to make the recognition as conspicuous 
as possible. As early as 1661 the codfish appears upon 
the corporate seal of the Plymouth Land Company, 
proprietors of lands on the Kennebec River. In 1743 
Col. Benjamin Pickman of Salem, who was one of the 
most prominent men of the colony, erected the Mansion 
House in that town, and decorated the end of every 
stair in his spacious hall with a carved and gilded cod- 
fish. Some of the journals of the day recognized it. 
On the front of the "Salem Gazette" for 1768 appears 
a coat of arms, consisting of a shield, supported by two 
Indians, and bearing the dove and olive branch. The 
crest above this shield is an unmistakable codfish. 

Official notice of the obligation owed to the people 



EMBLEM OF THE CODFISH. 35 

of the colony had been taken, and the emblem inserted 
in some of the court seals, among others, upon the 
seal affixed to the processes issued from the famous 
Court of Oyer and Terminer, which tried and con- 
demned the witches in 1692. The origin of the seal 
seems to have been traced as far back as 168(5, when 
it w^as used by the Court of Quarter Sessions of the 
Peace and the Inferior Court of Common Pleas, as 
well as in the melancholy instances referred to aljove. 
The seal bears the word ''Essex," elegantly carved in 
cipher, with what passes for the dove and olive branch 
above it, and an unmistakable codfish below. 

Again, the seal of the "Middle Circuit Court of 
Common Pleas" shows the codfish. In the margin of 
the seal is the word "Massachusetts," with the style 
of court, and on its face "Fiat Justitia," under which 
motto agriculture, commerce and the fisheries are re- 
spectively represented by the sheep, the anchor and 
the codfish. This court was established in 1811, by an 
act dividing the Commonweahh into six circuits, each 
having a chief justice and associates. The "Middle 
Circuit" comprised Essex, Middlesex and Suffolk. 

The Commonwealth paid tribute to this source ot 
her earliest prosperity in other directions. In 1755 a 
two-penny internal revenue stamp of the colony bore 
the impress of the codfish, surrounded with this strik- 
ing and significant legend : ' ' Staple of the Massachu- 
setts." This stamp may be seen, says Felt, upon a 
contract for Iniilding the draw of the old North ])ridge 
at Salem, which draw, being raised at the approach of 



36 



HISTORY OF THE 



Leslie's Regulars, twenty years later, became the bul- 
wark of the liberties of America. 

The currency of the colony at a later date bore the 
same impress on several of its issues. In the years 
1776 and 1778 many of the coins, from three-pence 
upwards, seem to have been thus embellished. In an 
old collection of American currency the following de- 
nominations bear the tutelary fish upon their face : In 
1776, $3, 15, $8, $11, also M, (Sd, %d, 9cZ, Is, Is %d, 
2s, 3s, 4s and 4s Qd; in 1778, 4fZ, Is Qd, 2s, 3s, 4s 
and 4s Qd. 

Thus it appears that the use of the codfish as a 
symbol of the progress and pre-eminence of Massachu- 
setts was no novel or unaccustomed departure. The 
homely emblem is closely identified with the greatness 
of the State. It might almost be said that its crescent 
outlines are graven on every page of its history. 

Tradition invests our codfish with the grandeur gath- 
ered from the days when ' ' there were giants " in 
Massachusetts. It speaks to us of all the old Bay 
State was and is. Patriotism protects it from the cavil 
of the cynic and the gibe of the unthinking. It typi- 
fies the world-old simplicity of those who go down to 
the sea in ships ; the goodly, Godly race, whom the 
stately scriptural story has immortalized ; whose sturdy 
virtues the Saviour himself distinguished in the choice 
of Peter, the apostolic fisherman ; and whose singular 
achievements on sea and land, in the arts alike of 
peace and war, have glorified the annals of the Com- 
monwealth. 



H 

W 
H 
W 

a 

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M 

<1 

t?d 
cc 

O 

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to 
K 

bd 

f 
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2 

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ta 

W 
o 
d 
en 




EMBLEM OF THE CODFISH. 



37 



ADDRESS 

OF 

KEPRESENTATIVE IRWIN. 

The foregoing' report being under considera- 
tion, Representative Richard W. Irwin of N^orth- 
ampton addressed the House as follows : — 

Mr. Speaker : — I rise to ask you to place in the 
new House of Representatives, as it was in the old, 
the emblem of the codfish. I do not purpose to tell 
you of its long history, or of the patriotic hands which 
won for us our liberty and gave a continent to free- 
dom, which placed it there. I pray that we, who put 
it in its new position, may be as fervent in our 
patriotism and love of liberty and right, as brave to 
act and as willing to suffer, as those who, over a 
century ago, hung it high in yonder hall. 

But I rise to call to your attention, their successors 
in unbroken line and heirs of their great gift, some 
things this emblem means and teaches : what it tells 
of those sufferings which a nation must endure ere it 
have the courage, fortitude and strength of greatness ; 
somewhat of the huml)le heroes, bred in the fisheries, 
whom it calls to mind ; some of the ancient glories of 



38 



HISTORY OF THE 



our Commonwealth, which, though the symbol be plain 
and lowly, come back to mind at its sight. Is it 
plain and humble? It has always been so of emblems 
that tell of deeds and purposes really great. Such 
emblems speak the thought of the common people, 
which is not delicate or poetic, but simple and plain, 
needing no interpreter. 

Whence came the term "Puritan" but from a word 
of derision, adopted afterwards in honor and pride? 
Whence the song of "Yankee Doodle," to whose tune 
Burgoyne laid down his arms at Saratoga and Corn- 
wallis at Yorktown? What song but that of "John 
Brown's body," l)orn on the march from soldiers' 
thought, led our country on through the long and 
flaming way to the freedom of the slave and a nation's 
regeneration? The rugged bear has for years repre- 
sented the strength of the Russians. The symbol of 
the bee told of the great Napoleon. England's chan- 
cellors for hundreds of years have sat upon the wool- 
sack in front of the throne. The rose and the simple 
cross of St. George tell the story of England's morn- 
ing drum-beat. It was under the lilies of France that 
men followed the plume of Navarre. In all ages of 
the Church the brazen serpent has been the emblem 
of Christianity, and the cross upon which our Saviour 
suffered has been the symbol under and before which a 
whole world worships. 

The plain codfish has, too, its own story. More 
than the Indian upon our State seal, it is the proper 
emblem of Massachusetts. It tells the story of struggle 



EMBLEM OF THE CODFISH. 



39 



and privations of Pilgrim and Puritan, whom many 
times it relieved in want and famine ; of commerce that 
brought golden returns, and made our colony rich ; of 
fleets that whitened the waters of many and far-ofl" seas. 
It tells of victories that Massachusetts won in diplo- 
macy, no less renowned than war's ; of the treaties of 
Paris and Ghent, where some of our greatest sons, 
Gerry and the elder and younger Adams, matched 
against the diplomats of England, trained by contest 
with Napoleon and Talleyrand, overcame and discom- 
fited them. You properly carve their names upon the 
walls of this house, in that chaplet of worthies which 
is the Cornelian crown of jewels of our State. Shall 
you leave outside the emblem of those fisheries for 
which they fought? It calls to mind the seamen who, 
enured to hardship, made bold and daring by their 
daily struggle with the defiant and threatening seas, 
learned in those same fisheries strength, courage and 
seamanship, such as, else, the world has never seen. 

This nation's proudest glory is a story of war by 
sea, and Massachusetts has no greater honor than that 
her seamen stood upon the ships and manned the 
frigates by which those memorable and renowned vic- 
tories were won. For it was with the fishermen of 
the capes and banks that Paul Jones drove before him, 
like petrels before the storm, the captains who fought 
under Nelson at Trafalgar. It was these seamen who 
went with Decatur up the harbor of Tripoli. It was 
our own Isaac Hull before whose flaming g-uns the 
*'Guerriere" went down. These men manned the <;uns 



40 



HISTORY OF THE 



of the " Coustitution " and the "President." They 
brought back the dead ])ody of Lawrence up yonder 
harbor, wrapped in his country's flag; and in a war, 
which else had ended in disaster, they taught England 
that her daughter was an empress of the sea. 

Nor was their patriotism or valor confined to the 
seas which were their home. The little fishing town 
of Marblehead alone sent a whole regiment to the war 
of the Revolution ; and there stands upon Common- 
wealth Avenue in this great city, whose wealth came 
largely from the cod fisheries, a statue telling how 
General Glover of Marblehead and his men carried 
Washington and his army across the almost impassable 
Delaware, in that awful night, and thus saved the 
Continental army, its immortal leader and its glorious 
cause. 

This incident was related to this House a few years 
later by General Knox, when, as a meml^er from Mar- 
blehead, he pleaded that his constituents might have 
the right to do banking. He rose and stated their 
claim. "I am surprised," he said, "that Marblehead 
should ask so small a privilege as that of banking, and 
that there should be any opposition to it. Sir, I wish 
the members of this body knew the people of Marble- 
head as well as I do. I could wish that they stood on 
the Delaware River in 1776, in that bitter night when 
the Commander-in-Chief had drawn up his little army 
to cross it, and had seen the powerful current bearing 
onward the floating masses of ice which threatened 
destruction to whosoever should venture upon its 



EMBLEM OF THE CODFISH. 41 



bosom. I wish that when this occurrence threatened 
to defeat the enterprise they could have heard that dis- 
tinguished warrior demand, 'Who will lead us on?' 
and seen the men of Marblehead, and Marblehead 
alone, stand forward to lead the army along the per- 
ilous paths to unlading glories and honors in the 
achievements of Trenton. There, sir, went the fisher- 
men of Marblehead, alike at home upon land or water, 
alike ardent, patriotic and unflinching, w^herever they 
unfurled the flag of their country." 

That plain codfish shall ever call to mind the hum- 
ble calling which made these men able, adventurous, 
firm and strong. Their memory rises to-day, — sad 
memory of cruel death by storm and wave, proud and 
glorious memory of death in victorious battle, — and 
pleads with us that the emblem of the fisheries in 
which they were made and developed to be a nation's 
bulwark and a nation's arm of power may not be dis- 
carded and rejected as unworthy of the gilded glories 
of this House. They were men from our own coast 
and harbors. They were your sons, — Gloucester, gray 
Marblehead and wind-scourged Essex. Nay, more, 
they were your sons, O proud and beautiful, our 
mother State. Their hazards and brave deeds were for 
your renown ; their sufferings and death were for your 
glory. Many of their names are graven on this your 
temple. Your voice has already spoken throughout 
your borders, bidding that the emblem that tells of 
them shall be placed before your altar. May that 
voice be heeded by this House to-day. 



42 



HISTORY OF THE 



This emblem speaks iu vibrant tones of danger met 
and glorious victories won. It tells also of the world- 
old but yearly recurring and never-ending story of the 
sorrow and tragedy of the sea. We think as we look 
upon it of the death that lives in the fogs and ice of 
Newfoundland and in the mighty power of the tempest 
and plunging waters. We hear the yearly uttered cry 
of sorrow and of anguish from INlarblehead and Glouces- 
ter, when the fleet comes back bringing its pitiful story 
of accident and death. It tells us of the remorseless 
sea that kills, and buries not its dead ; of the young 
and strong that are torn from life by crushing ice and 
ravenous waves ; of the widow and her clinging orphans 
set face to face with poverty ; of eyes that weep uncom- 
forted; of hearts that break and never mend. It is a 
story that fish has told for over a hundred years, and 
will tell a^ain as lono^ as men sro down to the sea in 

c? o o 

ships to win from its alluring and treacherous tide a 
living for those they love. 

For over a century that symbol has hung in the 
House of Representatives, — for over a century, in 
which Massachusetts has won her proud pre-eminence 
among the States. It has witnessed there the passage 
of all the wise and beneficent laws that have made us 
a model Commonwealth, — laws which relieve the poor 
and ignorant, which help those who labor, which made 
education the ^o-is of our government and made elec- 
tions pure and free ; which did equity and justice, and 
made for progress in step with the advancing years. 
It saw Massachusetts lead, as she still leads, the pro- 



EMBLEM OF THE CODFISH. 43 



cession of the States with the commanding step of 
conscious and conceded leadership. For, — 

" Wise men at her council met, 
Who knew the seasons when to take 
Occasion by the hand, and make 
The bounds of freedom wider yet, 
By shapino; some august decree, 
Broad based upon the jjeople's will." 

It saw there Lafayette, Kossuth and the determined 
and silent Grant. It has seen most of our oroveruors 
inaugurated with formal pomp and state. It heard 
Webster, Choate and Shaw, as they discussed the Con- 
stitution of the Commonwealth. It heard the matchless 
voice of Phillips, as he pleaded for the freedom of the 
slave and demanded the impeachment of the unjust 
judge. It may have heard Andrew, as he prayed in 
his room at midnight that his country might be spared ; 
and again, after the sad years, in the council-room 
which it faces, singing, when the news came that 
Vicksburg had fallen and Gettysburg was won, the old 
doxology of thanksgiving. It has heard coming up 
the windows, as they passed by the State House, the 
cheering shouts, the playing bands and the martial 
tread of marching men, as Massachusetts through four 
long years sent forth her chosen, her bravest and her 
tenderest to freedom's war. It knew when Bartlett of 
Pittsfield went by at the head of his regiment, — the 
man in whom Sidney lived, fought and died again; it 
heard the solemn, determined step of the colored regi- 



44: HISTORY OF THE 



meiit which Robert Shaw led on, in hopeless charge, 
to death at Fort Wagner. It saw the Massachusetts 
dead brought tenderly back from Baltimore, the State's 
first sacrifice upon the bloody altar of war. And then, 
when the war was over, and a nation builded anew, it 
saw that glad home-coming when the battle-flags came 
back; when up the streets and past the cheering thou- 
sands, and through the wide gates of the capitol, came 
the regiments thin and shattered and wounded, bearing 
their shot and crimsoned flags of war, and moving in 
a cloud of glory which time shall never dim : — 

"Blest, and thrice blest the Roman, 

Who sees Rome's brightest clay, 
Who sees that long, victorious pomp 

Wind down the Sacred Way! 
And through the bellowing Forum, 

And round the suppliant's Grove, 
Up to the everlasting gates 

Of Capitolian Jove." 

Is this emblem said to be too common and plain to 
accord with the painted splendors of this place? It is 
no more common, simple and plain than the fathers 
who founded our State. It tells how the lowliest may 
rise and win and rule; how the fisherman may be the 
peer of the marshals of France and the admirals of 
England. Are there those who laugh at it? It speaks 
of pathetic deaths for many years in lowly but honor- 
able livelihood. Do you say it is unimportant? The 
ablest of statesmen have contended about it at the 



EMBLEM OF THE CODFISH. 



45 



council of kings. Do you cavil or deride it? It tells 
you of victories on sea and land which history crowns 
with lustrous and unfading glory, which our proud 
State tells over as among her priceless jewels, which 
children and children yet unborn shall learn and tell 
to others with heightening cheeks and brightened eyes. 
Let us never say — we, sons of the weaver, the car- 
penter and the fisherman — that the day of small things 
is to be despised ; that the lowly and plain condition 
of our fathers is to be forgotten, or that anything for 
which they cared or which they preferred is not worthy 
of us. Let us take it in reverence and honor, and 
place it on high as one of the proudest decorations of 
this great hall ; and let it remain there so long as this 
State House shall stand, a memorial of the Pilgrim, 
his privations and simplicity ; an em])lem significant of 
the hardiness, courage and faith of those who dare and 
defy the seas, and daily telling of the great and sur- 
passing glories of Massachusetts and her sons. 



APPENDIX. 



LIST OF MEMBERS 

OP THE 

Executive Council, the Senate and House of 
Representatives. ■ 



Governor and Council. 



HIS EXCELLENCY 

Frederic T. Greenhalge of Lowell, 

GOVERNOR. 



HIS HONOR 

Roger Wolcott of Boston, 

LIEUTENANT GOVERNOR. 



COUNCILLORS. 

District L 

ZIBA C. KEITH of Brockton. 

District IL 

CYRUS SAVAGE of Taunton. 

District IIL 

FRANCIS H. RAYMOND .... of Somerville. 

District IV. 

JOHN H. SULLIVAN of Boston. 

District V. 

B. FRANK SOUTHWICK .... of Peabody. 

District VL 

JOHN M. HARLOW of Woburn. 

District VIL 

CHARLES E. STEVENS of Ware. 

District VIIL 

ALVAN BARRUS of Goshen 



SENATE, 



PRESIDENT: 

Hon. WILLIAM M. BUTLER, 



New Bedford 



NAME. 


ADDRESS. 


DISTRICT. 


Atherton, Horace H., 




Saugus, . 


, Fifth Essex. 


Atwood, Edward B., 




Plymouth, 


First Plymouth. 


Bessom, Eugene A., . 




Lynn, . 


First Essex. 


Bill, Ledyaid, . 




Paxton, 


Third Worcester. 


Blodgett, Percival, 




Templeton, . ] 


Worcester and ] 
Hampshire, j 


Bradford, Edward S., 




Springfield, . 


First Hampden. 


Burns, George J., 




Ayer, . 


Fifth Middlesex. 


Butler, William M., . 




New Bedford, 


Third Bristol. 


Corbett, Jcjseph J., . 




Boston, . 


Second Suffolk. 


Darling, Francis W., 




Hyde Park, . 


First Norfolk. 


Durant, William B., . 




Cambridge, . 


Third Middlesex. 


Foss, Ether S., . 




Lowell, . 


Seventh Middlesex. 


Frothingham, Edward G., 




Haverhill, 


Fourth Essex. 


Fuller, Granville A., . 




Boston, . 


Eighth SuflFolk. 


Gage, George L., 




Lawrence, . . 


Sixth Essex. 



, 



52 



APPENDIX. 



Senate - concluded. 



NAME. 


ADDRESS. 


DISTRICT. 


Galloupe, George A., 








Beverly, 




Second Essex. 


Gilbride, Michael B., 








Boston, . 




Third Suffolk. 


Gray, Robert S., 








Walpole, 




Second Norfolk. 


Harvey, Edwin B.,* . 








Westborough, 




Second Worcester. 


Hutchinson, Isaac P., 








Boston, . 




Seventh Suffolk. 


Lawrence, George P., 








North Adams, 




Berkshire. 


Leach, James C, 








Bridgewater, 




Second Plymouth. 


Maccabe, Joseph B., . 








Boston, . 






First Suffolk. 


Malone, Dana, . 








Greenfield, 






Franklin. 


McMorrow, William H., 








Boston, . 






Sixth Suffolk. 


Miller, Joel D., . 








Leominster, 






Fourth Worcester. 


Morse, William A., . 








Tisbury, 






Cape. 


Neill, Joseph 0., 








Fall River, 






Second Bristol. 


Niles, James P.,t 








Watertown, 






Second Middlesex. 


Perkins, George W., . 








Somerville, 






First Middlesex. 


Quinn, John, Jr., 








Boston, . 






Fourth Suffolk. 


Reed, George A., 








Framingham, 




Fourth Middlesex. 


Ripley, John B., 








Chester, 




Berkshire and ) 
Hampshire. ) 


Salisbury, Stephen, . 








Worcester, 






First Worcester. 


Sanger, George P., . 








Boston, . 






Fifth Suffolk. 


Smith, Sylvanus, 








Gloucester, 






Third Essex. 


Southard, Louis C, . 








Easton, . 






First Bristol. 


Spragne, Charles F., . 








Boston, . 






Ninth Suffolk. 


Wellman, Arthur H., 








Maiden, 






Sixth Middlesex. 


Whitcomb, Marciene H., 








Holyoke, 






Second Hampden. 



* Resigned June 5, 1895. 

t Elected Feb. 26, 1895, to fill vacancy caused by death of Oliver Shaw, Senator- 



elect. 




George v. L. Meyer. 
Speaker, 1894 — 



HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES. 



SPEAKER: 

Hon. GEORGE v. L. MEYER, 



Boston. 



DISTRICT. 



Allen, Daniel W., 
Allen, Romeo E., 
Atsatt, Isaiah P., 
Austin, Frederick E. 
Bailey, George W., 
Bailey, James A., Jr 
Baker, Tbeopbilus B 
Balch, Charles T., 
Bancroft, Charles G. 
Bancroft, Solon, 
Barber, Harding R., 
Barker, Albert F., 
Barnes, Erwin F., 
Barnes, Franklin O., 



19, Essex, 

12, Worcester 
7, Plymouth, 

3, Bristol, . 

4, Berkshire, 
15, Middlesex, 

2, Earnstaljle, 
7, Essex, 

13, Worcester, 

14, Middlesex, 
1, Worcester, 

3, Plymouth, 
G, Berkshire, 

26, Suffolk, . 



ADDRESS. 



Lynn. 

Shrewsbury. 

Mattapoisett. 

Taunton. 

Pittsfield. 

Arlington. 

Harwich. 

Groveland. 

Clinton. 

Reading. 

Athol. 

Hanson. 

West Stockljridge. 

Chelsea. 



54 



APPENDIX. 



House of Representatives -continued. 



NAME. 


DISTRICT. 


ADDRESS, 


Barry, Daniel J., 






14, Suffolk, , 


Boston. 


Bates, John L., 






1, Suffolk, . 


Boston. 


Beaman, Algernon T., 






4, Worcester, 


Princeton. 


Bennett, Frank S.,* . 






24, Middlesex, 


Tyngsborough. 


Bird, George B., 






24, Suffolk, . 


Boston. 


Bliss, Henry C, 






2, Hampden, 


West Springfield. 


Blodgett, Benjamin F., 






5, Worcester, 


West Brookfield. 


Bond, Charles P., . 






18, Middlesex, 


Waltham. 


Bourne, Samuel S., . 






8, Plymouth, 


Middleborough. 


Boutwell, Harvey L., 






9, Middlesex, 


Maiden. 


Bradford, Fred. H., . 






18, Middlesex, 


Waltham. 


Bradley, Manassah E., 






2, Suffolk, . 


Boston. 


Brown, Charles D., . 






10, Essex, . 


Gloucester. 


Brown, Frederick A., 






8, Worcester, 


Webster. 


Bullock, Benjamin S., 






10, Essex, 


Manchester. 


Burges, William H.,t 






2, Plymouth, 


Kingston. 


Burt, J. Marshall, . 






9, Hampden, 


East Longmeadow. 


Burt, T. Preston, 






3, Bristol, . 


Taunton. 


Carroll, Charles W., 






11, Worcester, 


Milford. 


Carter, William, 






9, Norfolk, . 


Needham. 


Casey, Daniel C, 






20, Suffolk, . 


Boston. 


Chandler, Frank, 






16, Middlesex, 


Belmont. 


Clark, Luther W., . 






4, Franklin, 


Deerfield. 


Cochran, James A., . 






1, Suffolk, . 


Boston. 


Collins, Michael W., 






3, Suffolk, . 


Boston. 


Cook, Heman S., 






3, Barnstable, 


Provincetown. 


Cook, Gilbert,! . 






14, Worcester, 


Lunenburg. 



* Died April 10. 



t Died June 5. 



I Died February 17. 



APPENDIX. 



i)iJ 



House of Representatives-continued 



NAME, 


DISTRICT. 


ADDRESS. 


Creed, James F., 






15, Suflolk, . 


Boston. 


Crane, Ellery B.,* . 






21, Worcester, 


Worcester. 


Dallinger, Frederick W., 






2, Middlesex, 


Cambridge. 


Davis, William W., . 






21, Suffolk, . 


Boston. 


Denham, Thomas M., 






5, Bristol, . 


New Bedford. 


Dickinson, David T., 






1, Middlesex, 


Cambridge. 


Donahue, Thomas, . 






8, Bristol, . 


Fall River. 


Donovan, Timothy J., 






4, Suffolk, . 


Boston. 


Donovan, William F., 






8, Suffolk, . 


Boston. 


Donovan, William J., 






2, Suffolk, . 


Boston. 


Dow, Harry R., 






5, Essex, 


Lawrence. 


Drew, William H., . 






1, Plymouth, 


Plymouth. 


Driscoll, Daniel M., . 






12, Suffolk, . 


Boston. 


Driscoll, William P., 






12, Suffolk, . 


Boston. 


Drury, Levi A., 






3, Essex, 


Bradford. 


Duddy, Robert, 






7, Middlesex, 


Somerville. 


Eddy, George M., . 






6, Bristol, . 


New Bedford. 


Edgarton, Henry, 






32, Middlesex, 


Shirley. 


Edgerton, Albert H., 






5, Worcester, 


Sturbridge. 


Eldredge, Alpheus M., 






11, Plymouth, 


Brockton. 


Estes, Benjamin F., . 






19, Essex, . 


Lynn. 


Fallon, Thomas F., . 






19, Suffolk, . 


Boston. 


Ferson, Clarentine E., 






15, Worcester, 


Fitchburg. 


Fillmore, Wellington, 






2, Middlesex, 


Cambridge. 


Fisk, Henry H., 






1, Barnstable, 


Dennis. 


Flint, James H.,t . 






5, Norfolk, . 


Weymouth. 


Flint, Silas W., . 






13, Middlesex, 


Wakefield. 



* Elected to succeed Henry Y. Simpson, deceased. 



t Resigned June 5, 1S95. 



56 



APPENDIX. 



House of Representatives -continued. 



NAME. 


DISTRICT. 


ADDRESS. 


Flynn, Joseph J., 








4, Essex, 


Lawrence. 




Foote, William H., . 








2, Hampden, 


Westfleld. 




Ford, William E., . 








23, SuflFolk, . 


Boston. 




Foss, Otis, 








1, Dukes, 


Cottage City. 




Fowle, George E., . 








U, Middlesex, 


Woburn. 




French, Zenas A., 








6, Norfolk, . 


Holbrook. 




Gallivan, James A., . 








13, Suffolk, . 


Boston. 




Gardner, John J., 








1, Nantucket, 


Nantucket. 




Gauss, John D. H., . 








13, Essex, . 


Salem. 




Gaylord, Henry E., . 








3, Hampshire, 


South Hadley. 




Geary, Michael P., . 








13, Suffolk, . 


Boston. 




George, Samuel W., . 








2, Essex, 


Haverhill. 




Gillingham, James L., 








4, Bristol, . 


Fairhaven. 




Goodrich, Charles W., 








3, Berkshire, 


Hinsdale. 




Graham, William T., 








5, Suffolk, . 


Boston. 




Grant, Alexander, . 








5, Hampden, 


Chicopee. 




Gray, Joshua S., 








5, Plj-mouth, 


Rockland. 




Greenwood, Abner, . 








27, Middlesex, 


Ashland. 




Grover, Thomas E., . 








4, Norfolk, . 


Canton. 




Hale, Edward A., 








8, Essex, 


Newburyport. 




Hammond, Charles L., 








5, Norfolk, . 


Quincy. 




Hammond, George, . 








7, Worcester, 


Charlton. 




Harlow, Franklin P., 








6, Plymouth, 


Whitman. 




Harrington, James L.,* 








14, Worcester, 


Lunenburg. 




Harvey, Benjamin C, 








8, Hampden, 


Springfield. 




Harwood, Albert L., 








17, Middlesex, 


Newton Centre. 




Hastings, Samuel, . 








2, Franklin, 


Warwick. 





* Elected to succeed Gilbert Cook, deceased. 



APPENDIX. 



57 



House of Representatives -continued. 



NAME. 


DISTRICT. 


ADDRESS. 




Hatbaway, Bowers C, 








12, Worcester, 


AVestborough. 




Hathaway, Frederic W., 








12, Plymouth, 


Brockton. 




Hawkes, Wesley 0., 








31, Middlesex, 


Westford. 




Hayes, William H. I., 








24, Middlesex, 


Lowell. 




Hibbard, George A., . 








IS, Suffolk, . 


Boston. 




Higgins, Sumner C, . 








4, Middlesex, 


Cambridge. 




Hoban, Thomas F., . 








25, Middlesex, 


Lowell. 




Holden, Joshua B., . 








11, Suffolk, . 


Boston. 




Holland, Timothy, . 








19, Suffolk, . 


Boston. 




Hollis, J. Edward, . 








17, Middlesex, 


Newton. 




Holt, E. Clarence, . 








3, Bristol, . 


Taunton. 




Horan, John G., 






15. Suffolk, . 


Boston. 




Howe, Louis P., 








29, Middlesex, 


Marlborough. 




Humphrey, Henry D., 








1, Norfolk, . 


Dedhara. 




Huse, Caleb B., 








8, Essex, 


Newburyport. 




Hutchinson, W. Henry, 








20, Essex, . 


Lynn. 




Irwin, Richard W., . 








1, Hampshire, 


Northampton. 




Ives, Dwight H., 








3, Hampden, 


Holyoke. 




Jenks, William S., . 






2, Berkshire, 


Adams. 




Johnson, Edward P., 






' 18, Essex, . 


Lynn. 




Jones, George R., 






11, Middlesex, 


Melrose. 




Jordan, Cyrus A., 






U, Essex, . 


Salem. 




Jourdan, Benjamin A., 






10, Worcester, 


Upton. 




Kaan, Frank W., . 






C, Middlesex, 


Somerville. 




Keenan, James, 






IG, Suffolk, . 


Boston. 




Keenan, Thomas P., 








8, Suffolk, . 


Boston. 




Kellogg, John E., 








15, Worcester, 


Fitchburg. 





58 



APPENDIX. 



House of Representatives-continued. 



NAME. 


DISTRICT. 


ADDRESS. 


Kimball, William G., 








2, Hampshire, 


Huntington. 


Kingman, Francis M., 








9, Plymouth, 


East Bridgewater. 


Knox, Joseph B., 








22, Worcester, 


Worcester. 


Krebbs, Franz H., Jr , 








17, Suffolk, . 


Boston. 


Lawrence, Amos A., 








4, Plymouth, 


Cohasset. 


Leach, George A., 








28, Middlesex, 


Wayland. 


Leach, Osgood L., 








3, Franklin, 


Northfield. 


Leach, Warren S., . 








2, Bristol, . 


Raynham. 


Light, Charles F., . 








3, Norfolk, . 


Hyde Park. 


Lowell, Francis C, . 








11, Suffolk, . 


Boston. 


Lynch, John M., 








4, Essex, 


Lawrence. 


Macomber, John A., 2d, 








7, Bristol, . 


Westport. 


Mann, Hugo, . 








5, Franklin, 


Buckland. 


Marden, William H., 








12, Middlesex, 


Stoneham. 


Maj'o, Samuel N., . 








8, Middlesex, 


Medford. 


McCarthy, Jeremiah J., 








4, Suffolk, . 


Boston. 


McMackin, Bernard, 








7, Suffolk, . 


Boston. 


Melaven, James F., . 








20, Worcester, 


Worcester. 


Mellen, George H., . 








23, Worcester, 


Worcester. 


Mellen, James H., . 








19, Worcester, 


Worcester. 


Meyer, George v. L., 








9, Suffolk, . 


Boston. 


Mills, Charles E., . 








9, Bristol, . 


Fall River, 


Mitchell, Samuel H., 








25, Suffolk, . 


Boston. 


Mooney, Joseph F., . 








8, Bristol, . 


Fall River. 


Moore, E. Lewis, 








28, Middlesex, 


Framingham. 


Moran, William, 








8, Bristol, . 


Fall River. 


Moriarty, Eugene M., 








18, Worcester, 


Worcester. 



APPENDIX. 



59 



House of Representatives- Continued. 



NAME, 



Mulver, Mark B., 
Murphy, Timothy F. 
Myers, James J., 
Newell, Herbert, 
Newell, Richard, 
Newhall, George H., 
Newhall, John B., 
Norton, Joseph J., 
O'Brien, Michael J., 
O'Connor, John J., 
O'Hara, John M., 
Osgood, L. Edgar, 
Parker, Theodore K 
Penniman, George W 
Perkins, Lyman H., 
Phelps, Carlton T.,* 
Pinkhani, Edward W. 
Porter, Burrill, Jr., 
Porter, George W., 
Porter, J. Frank, 
Prevaux, John J., 
Putnam, George E., 
Quint, Nicolas M., 
Quirk, Charles I., 
Rice, Henry F., 
Richardson, Robert A 
Roberts, Ernest W., 



DISTRICT. 



22, Suffolk, . 
7, Suffolk, . 
1, Middlesex, 
1, Franklin, 

1, Essex, 

17, Essex, 

18, Essex, . 
14, Suffolk, . 

5, Suffolk, . 

23, Middlesex, 
3, Suffolk, . 

6, Essex, 

2, Worcester, 
10, Plymouth, 

6, Hampden, 
1, Berkshire, 

17, Essex, 
I.Bristol, . 

7, Norfolk, . 
22, Essex, . 

1, Essex, 
22, Middlesex, 
21, Essex, 
20, Suffolk, . 

9, Worcester, 

3, Essex, 
27, Suffolk, . 



ADDRESS. 



Boston. 

Boston. 

Cambridge. 

Shelburne. 

West Newbury. 

Lynn. 

Lynn. 

Boston. 

Boston. 

Lowell. 

Boston. 

North Andover. 

Winchendon. 

Brockton. 

Springfield. 

North Adams. 

Lynn. 

No. Attleborough. 

Avon. 

Danvers. 

Amesbury. 

Lowell. 

Peabody. 

Boston. 

Sutton. 

Haverhill. 

Chelsea. 



* Resigned June 5, 1S95. 



60 



APPENDIX. 



House of Representatives-continued. 



NAME. 


DISTRICT. 


ADDRESS. 


Roe, Alfred S,, . 










16, Worcester, 


Worcester. 


Root, Silas B., . 










1, Hampden, 


Granville. 


Roper, George A., 










24, Middlesex, 


Lowell. 


Ross, Samuel, . 










5, Bristol, . 


New Bedford. 


Rourke, Daniel D., 










6, Suffolk, . 


Boston. 


Rourke, Fred H., 










21, Middlesex, 


Lowell. 


Russell, George G., 










15, Essex, 


Salem. 


Ryan, James F., 










16, Suffolk, . 


Boston. 


Ryder, Martin F., 










6, Suffolk, . 


Boston. 


Sargent, Charles F., 










5, Essex, 


Lawrence. 


Scales, George M., 










21, Suffolk, . 


Boston. 


Searls, William P., 










17, Worcester, 


Worcester. 


Shea, John T., . 










3, Middlesex, 


Cambridge. 


Sheehan, John F., 










4, Hampden, 


Holyoke. 


Shepherd, William, 










20, Essex, . 


Lynn. 


Sibley, Frank M., 










5, Hampshire, 


Ware. 


Sisson, Henry D., 










7, Berkshire, 


New Marlborough. 


Slade, David F., 










9, Bristol, . 


Fall River. 


Sleeper, George T., 










27, Suffolk, . 


Winthrop. 


Smith, Albert C, 










18, Suffolk, . 


Boston. 


Smith, Henry M., 










5, Berkshire, 


Lee. 


Snow, George F., 










20, Middlesex, 


Chelmsford. 


Southworth, Amasa E., 








5, Middlesex, 


Somerville. 


Spalding, Warren F., 








4, Middlesex, 


Cambridge. 


Spofford, John C, . 








10, Middlesex, 


Everett. 


Spring, Arthur L., • 








10, Suffolk, . 


Boston. 


Stanley, Fred D., 










6, Bristol, . 


New Bedford. 



APPENDIX. 



61 



House of Representatives -continued. 



DISTRICT. 



ADDRESS. 



Stevens, Ezra A., 
St. John, Thomas E., 
Stocker, Joseph W., . 
Stone, Daniel D., 
Strong, Homer O., 
Sturtevaiit, Charles F. 
Tarr, George J., 
Teamoh, Robert T., 
Thacher, Josiah P., 
Thurston, Lyman D. 
Tolman, William, 
Tower, Henry, . 
Towle, William W., 
Tuite, Michael, . 
Turner, Arthur H., 
Turner, George W.,* 
Tuttle, John E., 
Utley, Charles H., 
Wadden, Frank L., 
Waite, Oilman, . 
Wakefield, Charles E. 
Wales, George A., 
Wallis, Horace E., 
Warriner, Stephen C, 
Waterman, George B., 
Wentworth, George L., 
Weston, Clarence P., 



9, Middlesex, 
2, Essex, 

12, Essex, 
9, Essex, 

1, Hampshire, 

23, Suffolk, . 

10, Essex, 

9, Suffolk, . 

30, Middlesex, 

6, Worcester, 

4, Berkshire, 

29, Middlesex, 

17, Suffolk, . 

11, Worcester, 

13, Worcester, 

6, Hampden, 

24, Suffolk, . 

2, Norfolk, . 
16, Essex, 

2, Worcester, 

4, Hampshire, 

7, Norfolk, . 
10, Hampden, 

8, Hampden, 
1, Berkshire, 

5, Norfolk, . 
10, Suffolk, . 



Maiden. 

Haverhill. 

Beverly. 

Hamilton. 

Southampton. 

Boston. 

Gloucester. 

Boston. 

Littleton. 

Leicester. 

Pittsfield. 

Hudson. 

Boston. 

Blackstone. 

Harvard. 

Springfield. 

Boston. 

Brookline. 

Marhlehead. 

Templeton. 

Amherst. 

Stoughton. 

Holland. 

Springfield. 

Williamstown. 

Weymouth. 

Boston. 



* Elected to succeed Joseph L. Shipley, deceased. 



62 



APPENDIX, 



House of Representatives-concluded. 



NAME. 


DISTRICT. 


ADDRESS. 


Wheaton, Mark 0., . 








1, Bristol, . 


Attleborough, 


Whitaker, Elbridge J., 








8, Norfolk, . 


Wrentham. 


White, George E., . 








1, Barnstable, 


Sandwich. 


White, William S., . 








8, Norfolk, . 


Foxborough, 


Wiley, Albert L., . 








3, Worcester, 


Hardwick. 


Willard, Edward E., 








26, Suffolk, . 


Chelsea. 


Wilson, Edward H , 








26, Middlesex, 


Natick. 


Winn, John, 








19, Middlesex, 


Woburn . 


Wood, Henry 0., 








10, Bristol, . 


Swanzey. 


WoodfiiU, J. Loring, 








11, Essex, 


Rockport. 


Young, Charles L , . 








7, Hampden, 


Springfield. 




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